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You are welcome dear reader. Thus, Nigeria's federalism is not only complex but also hard to understand. Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation After nearly three decades of cumulative military rule, the country returned to civilian governance in 1999 under a presidential system of government. FOR CLIENTS OUTSIDE NIGERIA. Nigeria, a previously unitary state, became a federation in 1954. Academia.edu uses cookies to personalize content, tailor ads and improve the user experience. Fiscal Federalism and Democratic Governance in Nigeria - I. O. Taiwo 2004 In the words of Richards, regionalism was introduced to strengthen unity in diversity. It submits that the problem with constitutionalism in Nigeria is poor leadership and poor implementation of the Constitution. The first military head of state was dethroned for adopting unitary system of government yet successive military administration in practice follow unitary principle instead of federal system. i dont have my first school leaving certificate. The 1951 constitution gave more strength to regionalism with the creation of two chamber legislation in the northern and western Nigeria. Constitutionalism in Nigeria has been crisis-ridden since independence in 1960. Payment Details. Federalism was the only solution to ensure peace and unity amongst the leaders and the citizens and that was why federalism was adopted into the Nigerian political system. It also shows the growth rate as an engine to the development of economies of developing countries like Nigeria in this 21p century. a system of state organization, to bring a workable polity with a just moral order is the reason why states adopt or should adopt federalism. It argues that although deficient in popular sovereignty, the Constitutions legitimacy is moot since it is the operative law that governs the country. Rt. Also see: Differences between Cross-offers and counter-offers, five reasons for the adoption of federalism in nigeria. Another cogent reason for federalism in Nigeria is the fear of marginalization. What were the reasons for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria? Size and population of a country is among the determinants of the level of power and influence which a country commands. By and large, it is the nature of the relationship of the federal and state governments that determines whether a state is federal or unitary. By using our site, you agree to our collection of information through the use of cookies. /F4 15 0 R 5 Problems Of Federalism In Nigeria And Solutions Book excerpt: Defensive Federalism presents an original contribution to the field of federalism and multinational democracies, exploring the concept of defensive federalism as a protection of self- government against the "tyranny of the majority". 2012, Issues and Trends in Nigeria's Development. You can download the paper by clicking the button above. 7 Topics . Your email address will not be published. Despite that, instead of unity, cooperation and consensus, there has been apparent division, disagreement, and dissension. 3. The unity here is brought about by the desire of the component units of the federation to form union in respect of some matters. Granted is the fact that federalism was launched in Nigeria by expatriate leaders, its continued existence since independence is standing firm on the interest of the indegeneous leaders. Thus, federalism seemed to be the only option left for Nigeria because it allows for popular participation in government. Trouble for INEC staff who violated Electoral Act during presidential polls as c 53 things to do with your boyfriend: fun ways to spend time together, Presidential election: Jack-Rich salutes Tinubu, Shettima over victory, Maritime workers hail Supreme Court over old naira notes, says cargo can now leave ports, Dating apps in Nigeria: best applications to help you find the one. 2. PDF Federalism in Nigeria: the Past, Current Peril and Future Hopes Such an act has constituted to one of the major problems of federalism thereby militating against the development of the nation. >> It means that the sovereign unit (Centre) and local units . /Parent 2 0 R International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention ISSN (Online): 2319 7722, ISSN (Print): 2319 7714 www.ijhssi.org Volume 2 Issue 8 August. To begin with, the title of this book, " Last Train to Biafra " is allegorically evocative of the severing of, or rather the dead relationship between Nigeria and Biafra. But besides these three major tribes, there are over 350 other smaller tribes with diverse languages and dialects. The leaders also were from different major tribes and also wanted a level of power. Journal of public administration and Management Vol.6,No.12, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka. Rather there has been more challenges than benefits of this federal system. /Font << This particular corroborated federalism in Nigeria. So, what are the reasons for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria? In light of this, a constitution is said to be federal when its operates two levels of government, that is the federal and state, and each of this level exercise its different powers without interference by the other level. The federal system adopted in 1954 comprised a national government and three regional governments: Eastern, Northern, and Western. This was a period when long efforts were made to identify the legal relationships between the Leagues and the City States (Mogi, 1931:21). Air Plan Approval; Texas; New Source Review Updates for Project +roiF9_? AK ku nh4P9\ }}31Ik "V mk@G~ . Federalism in Nigeria can be traced to Sir Frederick Lord Lugard , when the Northern and Southern protectorates were amalgamated in 1914. @VF:8=|@5&/1df gbjtCoy(L5A,JCI1/'5DT8`A!UY*&wTN5[v;KXvH* 5:>}W^Bp_ ;R!&L %s\q'(], The Babangida administration followed the same step and created 21 states and more local governments. Another major reason why federalism was adopted in Nigeria is the multiple ethnic backgrounds in Nigeria. Emphasis on indigeneity, the federal revenue allocation formula and the increasing formalization of the 'federal character' principle, to mention only a few issues, increase sources of tensions and potential conflicts. Also read: Highest paying law firms in Nigeria. |4-Iv You can download the paper by clicking the button above. >> Are there certain inherent and primordial grievances and preferences? REASONS FOR LOW TRADE Historical reasons - India adopted socialist model of economy and policy of import substitution and protectionism till 1990s and civil wars and domestic instability in other countries Poor Connectivity- Due to difficult terrain on borders, poor development of inland waterways, poor border infrastructure like border huts . There is no doubt that geographical factored are one of the influential reasons for federalism in Nigeria. It was subsequently, not until after the American constitution of 1787, that a new concept of federalism was introduced. Consequently, the economic condition was one of the reasons that led to the adoption of federal systems of government in both Nigeria and South Africa. 2023, Bscholarly LLC. Historical experience 3.2 2. These crises flow from issues such as fiscal federalism, corruption, credible elections, tribal politics, ethno-religious conflicts, and disdain for the rule of law. five reasons for the adoption of federalism in nigeria Another factor that prompted the adoption of federalism in Nigeria is the fear of insecurity and the desire for union. International Relations - PRAHAAR | PDF | Joint Comprehensive Plan Of This type of government is also known as a "federation" or a "federal state" in common parlance (eg., United States of America). The main goal of the Convention was to revise the Articles of Confederation, the agreement that governed the 13 colonies and was adopted by the Continental Congress on November 15, 1777, shortly after the end of the Revolutionary War . /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] From the above explanation, one can rightly say that the constitution of Nigeria and United States of America are federal constitutions while the constitution of France and the Republic of Ireland are Unitary constitutions. Another reason why federalism is adopted by any country is that of its population. In Nigeria, there are different and distinct ethnic groups brought together by colonization. Identities can be in terms of ethnicity, culture, religion and other differences," she says. Nigeria as a nation has succeeded in commanding influence among member states by the virtue of its size. The first military head of state, General J.T.U Aguiyi Ironsi for instance was interested in a unitary Nigeria and he scrapped federalism. Many Nigerian ethnic groups began to agitate for their own states. The second theory focuses on the existence of external military or diplomatic threat for the origin of federalism. PDF Nigerian Federalism: Issues, Challenges and Prospects Federalism is a system of government where there are a decentralization power and autonomy of governance to the regional or federated states that share sovereignty with the Federal Government. Federalism has been present in Nigeria since the former British colony was reorganized into a federation of three regions in 1946. Nigeria is quite a big country with an area of 923,768 km2. The United States, Canada, India, France and Australia adopted federalism because of the desire for security by the various ethnic units. The Political Economy and Un-ending Search, Agitation for Restructuring and Resource Control in Nigeria's Federalism: Issues, Perspectives and the Way Forward, Federalism, Military Legacies and the Restructuring Debate in Contemporary Nigeria, Federalism, Decentralisation and the Liberalisation of Business Environment in Nigeria, Hands Behind their backs: Making a case for a region-centred restructuring framework, Nigerian Pseudo-Federalism and the Agitations for Restructuring, The evolution of fiscal centralism and strong centre federalism in Nigeria An historical analysis, The Nigerian fiscal formulas and the agitations for resource control in the Niger delta region of. 7 Cooperative federalism was dominant from the 1930s through the 1970s. Evidently, Nigeria's political culture. So for effective governance of a country of this big size, federalism has to be adopted. Matters, enumerated in the exclusive list are selected for the federal authority, while matters that fall within the concurrent list are selected for the federal government, and the regions. This makes it possible for the minorities to be separated from the domination of big ethnic groups. That is often the reason why some adherents of Marx quarrel vehemently about such preordained classification such as: haves and have-nots; and the liberal minds grappling with, insisting not only that all hands are not equal, but that they must never, for whatsoever reason at all, be made equal - believing that that would tantamount to the highest injustice. The benefits of federalism are that it can encourage political participation, give states an incentive to engage in policy innovation, and accommodate diverse viewpoints across the country. PDF Federalism in Nigeria: Accommodating Diversity and Promoting Stability The Plural nature of Nigeria: Nigeria is a plural society of over 250 tongues and tribes. There is a general opinion that Nigeria was formed because of the interest of the British and they had to govern the country under a federation system. So, without wasting much time, what is a federal system of government? PDF Federalism, Politics and Corruption in Nigeria: Implications for Higher /Resources << Before the amalgamation of the Northern Protectorate and the Southern Protectorate in 1914, there was nothing like Nigeria. +rohyC ! 9S ) ?roh _ O4C sR & Pf?? AK kyC?& Pf;_Hu j_ G$: 5/ Federalism in India. /Filter /FlateDecode Moreover, it is important to note that most of the ethnic groups in Nigeria had strong political inter-group relationship before colonial rule. /F6 21 0 R Nigeria as a result was divided into three provinces. Nigeria has been dubbed as a product of British colonial suturing. In my view, federalism is a good system for Nigeria. Now, because the level of the development of the productive forces was still at a rudimentary stage, the pervasiveness of commodity relations was equally at a low level. Nigeria is a plural society of over 250 tongues and tribes. The United States, Canada, India, France and Australia adopted federalism because of the desire for security by the various ethnic units. The proximity of the tongues and tribes in Nigeria made it possible for the adoption of federalism in the country. Secondly, are these groups well pleased, or do they at least accept such manipulative placements? Reasons for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria - Legit.ng And this is one of the factors responsible for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria. By way of conclusion, it is imperative to know that the reason why Nigeria is still practicing federalism today is because the system seems to be suitable for our political value and culture. This paper consequently argues that the anxiety as well as angst attributable to this agitation has the tendencies of not only disrupting the relative-peace presently enjoyed by the various groups, but is also, if not controlled, capable of plunging the country into a state of economic comatose and perpetual fragility. From the onset, Nigeria, like most of her federating peers, has faced one major challenge in the course of her political voyage - the crisis of who is who. Ordinarily and without much logicality, by who is who, one means the problematic and destructive component of identity. Military administration does not apply the principle of federation. You are already subscribed to our newsletter! 1. More so, the colonial masters with the Richards Constitution in 1947 launched Nigeria onto the path of the present federal system of government via the regionalization of the country. << From that date, the concept of federalism incorporated the idea of patterned contact at two levels: at the governmental level between the participating units, and among the citizens of these different units (Dare, 1979:26). Since Nigeria is a heterogeneous nation and Federalism is more practicable in such kind of nation, it is an ideal system of government. Defence, Security, Economy and Development, Chigozirim Odinkalu, Ebenebe Ernest Onyeka, Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Studies (eJECS), International Journal of Research in Economics and Social Sciences(IJRESS), Glocalism: Journal of Culture, Politics and Innovation, African Journal of Governance and Development, Calabar Journal of Politics and Administration. Section 10 of the constitution rule outs the adoption of any religion as a state religion either. Federalism in Nigeria refers to the devolution of self-governance by the West African nation of Nigeria to its federated states, who share sovereignty with the Federal Government . The states' territories were formed around ethnic groups with common interest and close ties, culture, and dialects. Besides the Big Three Igbo, Hausa and Yoruba, there are other macro and micro ethnic minorities in the country. On the other hand; a constitution is unitary when there are created by the law made by the central legislature and their existence depends upon the government to control, supervision of the central government. Promoters of the idea were of the view that the Also it is more useful to expansiate on them. In order to examine these issues, this paper adopted qualitative research and intrinsic approach methodology, along with relative deprivation theory. Below are the reasons why Nigeria adopted a federal system of government: The major reason for the adoption of federal system of government in Nigeria is borne out of the historical experience that brought all the ethical groups together under one Nigeria. Political culture of Nigeria: 3.4 4. Federalism in Nigeria can be traced to Sir Frederick Lord Lugard, when the Northern and Southern protectorates were amalgamated in 1914. Comparative Analysis of Federalism and Natural Resource Management 2013 PP.100-107, This paper explores the issue of unification federalism in Nigeria, which has been an obstacle to peace, development and threats to security .The findings from an extensive reading of related materials suggest that, the root of contemporary political conflict and underdevelopment in Nigeria political landscape shows clearly in the area of imbalance political structures that were established before and after independence. I have said that Nigeria is reputed to be the largest black country around, even Nigeria has claimed to be the giant of Africa by . It should be noted that the Federal Military Government had earlier by fiat taken proceeds from offshore prospecting and drilling activities directly under federal eminent domain. is one of the devices built into the federal constitution of Nigeria as a means of achieving unity in diversity. Even the masses in the rural areas of the country are allowed to participate in politics by electing their representatives into office. Thus, federalism is mostly considered a tangible element for coexistence, but much more, I think, as political syrup, for adumbrating potent dislocations inherent in, and symptomatic of pluralist societies. By every political barometer, this is a thought-provoking account of the Nigeria-Biafra political imbroglio. /F1 6 0 R Regrettably, this system is founded on a militarily-conceived constitution lacking a fully enforceable bill of rights and clear governmental functions. /Contents 4 0 R >> So majority if not all of them were in favor of a federalist system of governance. This paper explores the issue of unification federalism in Nigeria, which has been an obstacle to peace, development and threats to security .The findings from an extensive reading of related materials suggest that, the root of contemporary political conflict and underdevelopment in Nigeria political landscape shows clearly in the area of Asst. FRED EKPE F. AYOKHAI, Peter W I L F R E D Naankiel, This study, using content analysis, examined the impact of fiscal federalism and the struggles of ethnic minority groups in the Niger Delta on the trajectories of the national question in Nigeria. Geographical nearness of the component states to each other and the state network of roads and transportation. Dual federalism was dominant from the 1790s until the 1930s. Naturally, federal system of government has some distinctive features namely: 1. The origin of federalism in Nigeria can be traced to the colonial era. Do you know the reasons for federalism in Nigeria? In recent times, specifically in post 2015 general election, there have been new waves of agitations for the Biafra republic by both Movement for Actualization of Sovereign State of Biafra and Indigenous People of Biafra on one hand and for Niger Delta republic by Niger Delta Avengers on the other, added to terrorism and militancy that are already threatening Nigeria fragile state. Meaningful studies, especially the comparative study of Vile, have significantly shown that emerging challenges of conflict, cooperation and competition amongst levels of government in classical federalist states such as U.S., Canada and Australia, are important rationales for federating as well as the hallmarks of federal government (Vile, cited in Jinadu, 1979). Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. History of federal system of government in nigeria. It established that the resources of a particular state is not totally owned by the federal government. It concluded that the interplay of these variables leads to the degeneration of the national question and. Abstract One of the arguments for the adoption of federalism in Nigeria is the desire for economic and political viability and development in a nation of uneven distribution of human and.
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